Bruce Chapman. “A bad idea whose time is past: the case against universal service.” Brookings Institute. 2002: “Litan’s interest in compulsory service grew partly out of recent work on Israel. According to Gold, armed guards in Israel do protect day care centers, for example. But all have had serious military training and two to three years ofactive duty, followed by service in the active reserves. A population with widespread military training and service can accomplish things that a civilian volunteer program cannot.”